Scribble dictates orderly stem cell fate

Cell polarity has a variety of biological roles, including morphogenesis during development, the maintenance of tissue integrity, and adult tissue regeneration. In epithelial cells, cell polarity is generally regulated by three evolutionarily conserved protein complexes: the apical PAR and Crumbs complexes and the basolateral Scribble (Scrib) complex. Thus, dysfunction of these polarity proteins causes cell polarity defects and disorganization of tissue architecture, resulting in diseases including cancer. Accumulating evidence has also demonstrated that cell fate decisions in tissue stem cells are likely influenced by the polarized distribution of cell polarity proteins. These then act as potential determinants of asymmetric cell division, which allows a stem cell to generate a daughter cell that self-renews to maintain its own stem cell pool and another cell that undergoes differentiation, therefore ensuring a balance between self-renewal and differentiation [1]. Skeletal muscle tissue stem cells are satellite cells with remarkable regenerative capacity after muscle damage [2]. Satellite cells located between the basal lamina and surface of myofibers are normally quiescent but are swiftly activated in response to stimuli such as muscle injury. Activated cells then proliferate symmetrically and asymmetrically to generate both self-renewed cells that maintain the stem cell pool and myogenic progenitors that eventually undergo terminal differentiation to form new myofibers. Several factors that control asymmetric cell division of satellite cells have been described: the Notch antagonist Numb is located in committed myogenic progenitors during cell division [3]; unequally distributed polarity proteins PAR3 and aPKC asymmetrically activate the p38 MAPK pathway to promote the transcription of a myogenic regulatory factor MyoD, which promotes cells to undergo myogenic differentiation [4, 5]. A recent study published in Cell Reports further demonstrated that the cell polarity protein Scrib is a crucial regulator of satellite cell fate decision [6]. Activated satellite cells up-regulate Scrib, which is then asymmetrically distributed in dividing cells. Scrib protein accumulates in high quantities in daughter cells committed to myogenic differentiation and in low quantities in proliferating or self-renewing cells. Because Scrib is a tumor suppressor that possesses potent anti-proliferative activity in epithelial cells, satellite cells were expected to show increased proliferation when levels of Scrib were reduced. Interestingly, however, satellite cells lacking Scrib failed to expand their progeny. Indeed, satellite cell-specific Scrib-null mice exhibited a severe regeneration defect with a significant reduction of myogenic progenitors after cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury. Given that Scrib-inactivated satellite cells lost their proliferative ability, the study next focused on …